The topic “Subject matter of History” covers about Facts, Causation, Subjectivity and Objectivity. Facts Facts play a crucial role in the study and interpretation of history. However, understanding facts within the context of history involves more than just knowing dates, events, and figures. It requires critical analysis, context, and interpretation. Facts are foundational elements of…

History is the study of past events, particularly those involving human activity, societies, and civilizations. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of evidence to understand how past events have shaped the present and may influence the future. The term can also refer to a systematic record or narrative of such events. According to E.H.Carr,…

The Mesopotamian civilization, which flourished in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq), is one of the earliest and most influential civilizations in human history. Known as the “Cradle of Civilization,” it is one of the earliest and most influential cultures in human history and it spanned thousands of years, giving rise…

The Greek city-state system, known as the polis, was a distinctive political and social structure that characterized ancient Greece, particularly during the Archaic and Classical periods (circa 800–323 BCE). The polis was not just a city but a community of citizens with shared customs, laws, and governance. The Greek city-state system was characterized by its…

Earliest forms of exchange in early civilisations It is believed that the widespread exchange of raw materials for tool making led to the spread of new experiments and innovations. The increased knowledge and use of pottery and the metallurgy of bronze and copper accelerated this progress. Metallurgy had begun at the beginning of the Neolithic…

Urbanisation is one of the primary characteristics of the Bronze Age. In this topic, we will learn about Cities its nature and urbanisations. The association with urbanisation is one of the primary characteristics of the Bronze Age. Gordon Childe sees the development of urbanisation as a revolution, which he calls the ‘urban revolution’. We saw…

Here, we will talk about Changing in Material Culture and Domestic Mode of Production. Beginning of agriculture affect the nature of early cultures The beginning of agriculture and its spread over large parts of the world had far-reaching effects on human society. In this section we are going to study some of these effects. Changes…

River valley civilizations and Bronze Age civilization had some common characteristics. The gradual development of these civilizations can be understood as follows – Beginning of Metallic Age In the Stone Age, humans used to make weapons and tools from stones. Such weapons could not be sharpened because stone is not flexible. Therefore, people started searching…